Falls assessment
Berg Balance Scale (BBS)
The BBS consists of 14 functional balance tasks scored from 0 (unable) to 4 (independent). Total scores range from 0 to 56. It is widely used in rehabilitation to monitor balance and fall risk.
Sitting to standing
From sitting to standing without using hands for support.
Standing unsupported
Ability to stand for 2 minutes without support.
Sitting unsupported
Sit unsupported for 2 minutes with arms folded across chest.
Standing to sitting
Controlled descent with contact and balance.
Transfers
Pivot transfer between two chairs with/without arms.
Standing with eyes closed
Stand unsupported with eyes closed for 10 seconds.
Standing with feet together
Place feet together, arms at sides for 1 minute.
Reach forward with outstretched arm
Functional reach while standing.
Pick up object from floor
Retrieve shoe/slipper from floor while standing.
Turn to look behind
Turn to look over shoulders without losing balance.
Turn 360 degrees
Turn in a full circle quickly and safely.
Place alternate foot on stool
Alternate feet on a step or stool (8-inch height).
Standing with one foot in front
Tandem stance for 30 seconds.
Standing on one leg
Stand on one leg without support for 10 seconds.
Total Berg Balance score
42 / 56
Medium fall riskBBS 41–44: Implement targeted balance training and review home safety.
How to Use This Calculator
Administer all 14 balance tasks
Provide standardized instructions and guarding as needed for safety.
Score each task objectively
Assign 0–4 based on the patient’s highest consistent performance per official BBS rules.
Interpret fall risk
Use total score to guide therapy intensity, assistive device prescription, and home safety planning.
Formula
Total Berg Balance Score = Σ(item scores)
Each item scored 0–4; maximum 56. Fall-risk thresholds commonly cited: ≤ 40 high risk, 41–44 moderate, ≥ 45 low risk.
Full Description
The Berg Balance Scale evaluates dynamic and static balance via functional tasks such as standing, reaching, and turning. It is validated in stroke, Parkinson disease, vestibular disorders, and geriatric populations. Scores help clinicians monitor progress and adjust interventions.
Pair the BBS with other assessments (Timed Up and Go, gait speed) for comprehensive fall-risk profiling. Consider the patient’s baseline function, assistive device use, and home environment when interpreting scores.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can patients use assistive devices?
Yes, but note the device used and score according to the official criteria (some items require hands-free performance).
What is the minimal detectable change?
Approximately 4–7 points, depending on diagnosis. Use same tester, environment, and instructions for reliability.
How often should I reassess?
Every few weeks during rehabilitation or after significant events (falls, hospitalizations).
Is there a ceiling effect?
High-functioning individuals may score near 56 despite subtle balance deficits. Supplement with more challenging tests as needed.